Economic Reflections of Technological Transformation: Sectoral Structure of R&D Expenditures in Türkiye and Their Relationship with Productivity: Economic Reflections of Technological Transformation

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2013). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Currency.

Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1990). A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction. 2(60), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3223

Aghion, P., & Saint-Paul, G. (1998). Virtues of bad times: Interaction between productivity growth and economic fluctuations. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 2(3), 322–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100598008025

Akcigit, U., Hanley, D., & Serrano-Velarde, N. (2021). Back to Basics: Basic Research Spillovers, Innovation Policy, and Growth. The Review of Economic Studies, 88(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaa061

Akcigit, U., & Kerr, W. R. (2018). Growth through heterogeneous innovations. Journal of Political Economy, 4(126), 1374–1443.

Andrews, D., Criscuolo, C., & Gal, P. N. (2016). The best versus the rest: the global productivity slowdown, divergence across firms and the role of public policy (5; Productivity Working Papers).

Bloom, N., Jones, C. I., Van Reenen, J., & Webb, M. (2020). Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find? American Economic Review, 110(4), 1104–1144. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180338

Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1979). A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation. Econometrica, 47(5), 1287. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911963

Caselli, F. (2005). Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences. In Handbook of Economic Growth (Vol. 1, pp. 679–741). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01009-9

Castellani, D., Piva, M., Schubert, T., & Vivarelli, M. (2019). R&D and productivity in the US and the EU: Sectoral specificities and differences in the crisis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.001

Çetinsaya, G. (2020). Büyüme, kalite, uluslararasilaşma: Türkiye yükseköğretimi için bir yol haritasi. Cirera, X., & Maloney, W. F. (2017). The innovation paradox: Developing-country capabilities and the unrealized promise of technological catch-up. World Bank Publications.

Coe, D. T., & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review, 39(5), 859–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)00100-E

Coe, D. T., Helpman, E., & Hoffmaister, A. W. (2009). International R&D spillovers and institutions. European Economic Review, 53(7), 723–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.02.005

Comin, D., & Mestieri, M. (2018). If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere, Why Has Income Diverged? American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 10(3), 137–178. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20150175

Crespi, G., & Zuniga, P. (2012). Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Six Latin American Countries. World Development, 40(2), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.010

David, P. A., Hall, B. H., & Toole, A. A. (2000). Is public R&D a complement or substitute for private R&D? A review of the econometric evidence. Research Policy, 29(4–5), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00087-6

Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517

Doraszelski, U., & Jaumandreu, J. (2013). R&D and Productivity: Estimating Endogenous Productivity. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(4), 1338–1383. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt011

Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236

Erdil, E., Pamukçu, M. T., Akçomak, I. S., & Tiryakioglu, M. (2016). Bilgi, bilim, teknoloji ve yenilik: Kavramsal tartışma. In Bilim, Teknoloji ve Yenilik: Kavramlar, Kuramlar ve Politika (pp. 35–66). Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.

Findik, D., & Beyhan, B. (2017). A Perceptual Measure of Innovation Performance: Firm-Level Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 14(06), 1750038. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877017500389

Greenwood, J., Hercowitz, Z., & Krusell, P. (1997). Long-run implications of investment-specific technological change. The American Economic Review, 342–362.

Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1993). Innovation and growth in the global economy. MIT press.

Guellec, D., & Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. (2004). From R&D to Productivity Growth: Do the Institutional Settings and the Source of Funds of R&D Matter? Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 66(3), 353–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2004.00083.x

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Pearson Higher Ed.

Hall, R. E., & Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker than Others? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 83–116. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399555954

Jolliffe, I. (2005). Principal Component Analysis. In Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa501

Kancs, d’Artis, & Siliverstovs, B. (2016). R&D and non-linear productivity growth. Research Policy, 45(3), 634–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.12.001

Kantor, S., & Whalley, A. (2019). Research proximity and productivity: Long-term evidence from agriculture. Journal of Political Economy, 2(127), 819–854.

Keller, W. (2004). International Technology Diffusion. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(3), 752–782. https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051042177685

Kılıçaslan, Y., & Taymaz, E. (2009). Labor market institutions and industrial performance: an evolutionary study. In Schumpeterian Perspectives on Innovation, Competition and Growth (pp. 207–222). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93777-7_12

OECD. (2023). Main Science and Technology Indicators OECD Science, Technology and R&D Statistics (database).

Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In conometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium (pp. 371–413). Cambridge University Press.

Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335

Ramey, G., & Ramey, V. (1994). Cross-Country Evidence on the Link Between Volatility and Growth. American Economic Review, 5(85), 1138–1151. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4959

Ramsey, J. B. (1969). Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least-Squares Regression Analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 31(2), 350–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1969.tb00796.x

Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S71–S102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725

Saygılı, Ş. (2003). Bilgi ekonomisine geçiş sürecinde Türkiye ekonomisinin dünyadaki konumu.

Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513

TÜİK. (2022). Araştırma-Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması, 2021.

Ugur, M., Trushin, E., Solomon, E., & Guidi, F. (2016). R&D and productivity in OECD firms and industries: A hierarchical meta-regression analysis. Research Policy, 45(10), 2069–2086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.08.001

Valero, A., & Van Reenen, J. (2019). The economic impact of universities: Evidence from across the globe. Economics of Education Review, 68, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.09.001

White, H. (1980). A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934

Wooldridge, J. M. (2016). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (5th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning.